How to treat diabetes?Of course, insulin.Everyone knows about this, even those who are far from medicine.After all, diabetes (hereinafter: diabetes) is an increase in sugar.And insulin reduces this sugar.
Usually true.At first glance, you do not take into account some insignificant, but actually important details.
Insulin
Yes, insulin really reduces high levels of blood plasma (or more precisely - glucose).
In the case of type 1 diabetes, which develops primarily in a juvenile, absolute insulin deficiency is detected and this hormone is not secreted (or low), with certain pancreas structures, and lancerganic washing.
No insulin - glucose is not used and further metabolic processes are abnormal.If you introduce insulin to the substitute treatment, the situation can be corrected to some extent.
As a result of this drug, glucose enters, where it is said - in a cage where it is exposed to cleavage.Metabolism is normalized.
Everything would be easy if it wasn't that difficult.The fact is that in some cases the introduction of insulin can lead to major problems as a lack.The reason for this is the sharp decrease in hypoglycaemia, the glucose of the blood plasma.
Overdose of insulin very quickly and sometimes immediately.
The skin becomes pale, and a decrease in blood pressure and coma develops, from which the patient is very difficult to remove.
The cause of hypoglycaemia is not only overdose, but also inadequate insulin administration.This medicine should only be administered after taking light food.Stress is undesirable before the introduction of insulin, physical activity.
This is the reason why the dose of insulin is carefully selected by the endocrinologist, from the level of glycemia (the glucose content of the blood plasma), which is determined by laboratory devices.
The daily dose depends on the level of glycemia and the course of diabetes, and the doctor determines it separately for each patient.
The typical breakdown of this dose is 30% before breakfast, 35% before lunch, 25% before dinner and 10% at night.
Although these data may vary depending on your lifestyle.And in order to choose the right insulin with the first detected diabetes, a barely detected mellitus can disappear for several days.The milestone is the same - laboratory indicators.
Due to high hypoglycemia rice, insulin is forbidden to introduce ambulances in the prehospital stage who cannot control glycemia.
It is true that many portable devices, a glycometer designed to measure blood glucose, are recently.
But first of all, the reliability of glyometers sometimes leaves much to be desired.
Second, as mentioned above, the delayed introduction of insulin is not as scary as overdose.
It is noteworthy that the insulin used to treat diabetes is not homogeneous.
It may be pork, cattle (obtained from the pancreas of clogged animals) and man, synthesized with genetic engineering.
Insulin is not the same for the effect.If you need to reduce glycemia as quickly as possible, we introduce short -acting insulin.The effect occurs quickly in the first 15-20 minutes, but does not last long.
The average duration and the extended operation are aimed at creating the necessary glycemic background throughout the day.The types of insulin and their combination are also prescribed by an endocrinologist, depending on a particular clinical situation.
I get it
If insulin is produced only in the form of injection solutions (destroyed in the gastrointestinal tract), the overwhelming number of sugar-reducing drugs is represented by internal intake tablets.
It should be noted that the insulin and sugar amplifiers of diabetes cannot be replaced.
Specifically, insulin is only effective with type of diabetes above type 1 mellitus.
And all agents against sugar are used only for 2 insulin -dependent diseases.This type is based on relative insulin deficiency.This means that the total amount of insulin produced by the pancreas is normal or even increased.But still missing.
This is done with obesity of old age when the amount of adipose tissue increases and the compensation capabilities of the human body are low.
There is a reduction in tablets with many types of sugar.Each, or otherwise, changes the course of biochemical reactions and thus stimulates insulin production with beta cells.
At a certain moment, beta cells are exhausted, relative insulin deficiency becomes absolute, and there is a need for further transition of insulin treatment.
Occasionally, diabetes mellitus may be based on the production of opposed thyroid hormones, adrenal glands and pituitary gland.The effects of these hormones are exactly the opposite of such insulin - increase blood glucose levels.
After high levels of codloxular hormones are confirmed by laboratory methods, specific injections have been prescribed that regulate the level.
Glucose
It turns out that diabetes glucose is no less important than insulin.This is especially true of the serious forms of the disease.
To introduce glucose in timehypoglycemic conditions- This is a matter of life and death.After all, blood glucose levels should be raised as quickly as possible.To do this, a concentrated 40% glucose is administered intravenously with a syringe.
IfThe patient is conscious, give him a drink hot tea with sugar.
But hyperglycemia (high sugar) is also needed to deliver glucose.
The point is that glucose accumulates in large quantities in the plasma.But the cell does not get this glucose.The pathological mechanisms of glioogenesis are launched - the synthesis of glucose from fats and proteins, which are intensely decomposed.
To avoid this, glucose is intravenously introduced as part of the so -called polarizing mixture.This mixture contains 5% glucose, insulin and one of the potassium drugs.Insulin contributes to the penetration of glucose into the cage and at the same time "pulls" potassium.This is the most important intracellular element that regulates almost all metabolic processes in the cell.
Another condition is when glucose is vital when diabetes increased urine emissions in the so -called diabetic urethra.
This is due to high concentrations of blood plasma and secondary kidney damage.Glucose is lost next to the urine.In this case, the false positive image called SO - blood glucose levels are reduced without insulin.
In fact, this is a potentially dangerous condition called endocrinologists with a "scissors" due to the difference between laboratory indicators and objective data.The only way out is to avoid these "scissors", it lies in the time drip of glucose solutions.
Certification and alkalization
Urgicism is first and foremost a loss of fluid, which quickly results in dehydration or dehydration.At the same time, excess glucose of blood is converted into ketone body (acetone and other compounds) that have acid reaction.
This process is called ketoacidosis.
It is extremely difficult and is unfortunate without treatment.Dehydration and ketoacidosis mutually burden each other.
Rehydration is carried out to eliminate dehydration - filling the lack of liquid.Diabetes diets are enormous, up to 3 liters daily or more, it involves intravenous infusion of various solutions.
In addition to the above glucose, a standard isotonic sodium chloride solution (saline solution), as well as other sodium, chlorine, magnesium, potassium ions.
Filling the lack of liquid normalizes the balance of acids and bases in the body and greatly eliminates the acidification of tissues - acidosis.Effective ways to overcome acidosis are infusion of sterile alkaline solutions.These include sodium hydrogen -carbonate or simply soda.If the patient's condition allows, as much as possible, abundant alkaline alcohol consumption in the form of alkaline mineral waters.
Other drugs
Diabetes mellitus is a systemic disease.This means that the pathology is not limited to the pancreas - or or another, almost all organs and tissues suffer.This is largely the diabetic angiopathy - the lesion of blood vessels and capillaries.
At the same time, blood circulation is disturbed in these blood vessels and capillaries, leading to secondary lesions of internal organs - primarily eye retina (retinopathy) and kidneys (nephropathy).To eliminate angiopathy, we do intravenous drops of various drugs that improve systemic circulation.
Together with these drugs, they prescribe a specific drug that affect the metabolic processes of the nerve fibers.
Blood circulation violations in the capillary network are often complicated by tropical ulcers, which are dominant localization inside the lower leg.
Treatment of these ulcers requires the use of local antiseptics and antibiotics.Diabetics, such as the other, patients with cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction are complicated.
Cardiotonics are used in the treatment of these diseases, which positively affect myocardium, antiasterosclerotic and hypotensive (reducing blood pressure) drugs.In the case of diabetes, it is not only desirable but also to take various vitamin-mineral complexes in the form of pharmaceutical drugs and biologically active food additives.
Diet for diabetes
Proper nutrition in the treatment of diabetes is as important as medicines.Failure to comply with the diet reduces the effectiveness of these drugs to zero.This is especially true for type 1 diabetes, where the slightest errors in the nutrition have serious consequences.Basic requirements for a diet for diabetics:
- Fractional intake of food in small portions 4-5 times;
- A balanced proportion of proteins, fats and carbohydrates;
- The number of calories accepted with food must match the number consumed;
- Obesity - reducing overweight.
In this regard, easy -to -digest carbohydrates, greasy meat, sweets, strong tea, coffee, butter, grapes are contraindicated.Instead of white bread - black, sugar instead of sugar - sugar substitute for diabetics.
In the diet, cereals (buckwheat, oatmeal, wheat), light vegetable soup and fresh vegetables should be preferred.A diet for each patient is individually developed by a dietitian.
Conclusion
Of course, this article is by no means an instructions for mediation on its own, which can be expensive for diabetes in diabetes.It should be noted that it is impossible to completely cure insulin -dependent diabetes mellitus.Unfortunate, but fact.However, correct, regular treatment, protective systems, foods and physical restrictions contribute to returning to life and avoid unwanted complications.